The ground truth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The ground truth - Essay Example military and what they experience when posted in Iraq. Most of their concentration is about their experiences beforehand, during the time they were there, and what they had to deal with afterwards. These regular men as well as women go through vigorous and intense training to ensure that they are fit for the battle ahead. Some ideas such as desensitization and depersonalization come up during their interviews that were part of the training. Their experience in Iraq opened them up to a whole new world as they struggled to stay alive, keep trust between each other, guard themselves against enemies in an alien land and at the back of their heads, maintain the idea that they have their families back at home waiting for their return. The dreadful war in Iraq, portrayed with brutal honesty in the movie, is a run-up for the yet more thought-provoking battles that soldiers go through after they return from their missions. As these skirmishes developed, every soldier turned out to be a special type of protagonist and hero in his or her own way, witnessing the bloody massacres of the war, covering for each other and backing the other veterans. This gave them courage and the opportunity to not only fight with the gun, but also practicing to bravely apply the most dominant weapon in all battles, the truth. In the movie, the adversities of battle, the reality that life is short and can be ended within a nick of time. The return to their motherland is the most crucial part of the movie because the soldiers develop Post Traumatic Stress Disorder as they experience both emotional and psychological torture that they have to grapple with to return to their normal lives. Most soldiers come back home with physical injuries, mainly from bullet wounds and explosions but they feel that the battle is not over for them as their lives have taken a twisted turn in the name of being patriotic. Just one vital factor could

Reconstruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reconstruction - Essay Example The rise was initiated by various factors that included social, economic, legal, and political. The big business era was a source of wealth and capitalization for many Americans most of who were involved in various national corporations that controlled markets (Wilson 214). Sufficient resources such as oil, coal, and iron were foundations for the building of the states after the war. Adequate iron led to the production of iron and steel that were part of inputs in the big businesses. Steel was used to make railroads and cars that were used in the transportation of various products ranging from coal, ores, and agricultural produce from a state to another (Symonds). Oil was a precious good after its discovery, which was used in homes and to power machinery in some of the industries. Coal powered factories were efficient compared to water-powered; hence, the discovery of coal-fueled the increase of steel mills in the U.S. There was a rise in the number of immigrants to Southern States that provided a foundation for investors, investors, and labor. The immigrants worked in the big businesses and agricultural sector; hence, providing cheap labor. The high population required enhanced transportation methods leading to the increase in railroad networks. The increased demand led to a change in the social life of some of the citizens due to enhanced wealth sources. The banks offered loans that were sources of investment capital. Investors in the big businesses would seek assistance from banks to set up steel mills and railroads as part of the reconstruction. Stock markets were used by trusts such as Rockefeller’s to trade shares and purchase other corporations. The Federal Government did not regulate the operations and establishment of businesses. They were free to pool and set cartels that would increase competition opportunities. However, this factor led to the growth of monopolies in the

The floor or similar Essay Example for Free

The floor or similar Essay Prediction: I believe that I will discover that the resistance of a wire increases proportionally with the length. I think that this is due to the way resistance occurs in a typical wire. Resistance is the result of negatively charged electrons (the actual current) colliding with the positively charged ions that make up the wire. The collisions cause the energy in the electron to be lost, and when they occur on a larger scale there is a noticeable difference between the start and end voltage of a circuit. As the length of the wire increases, so must the number of particles. As the number of particles increases, so will the number of collisions, and therefore the amount of resistance encountered. George Ohm discovered that the voltage of a circuit is directly proportional to the current flowing through the circuit, meaning that if you triple one, you triple the other. He then came up with a rule for working out the resistance of a circuit (rearranged from his original equation): Resistance = Current / Voltage This is the formula I will use to calculate the resistance of the wire. A wire, showing collisions occurring If you double the length of the wire, I believe you will double the resistance. Background: The flow of charge in a wire is called the current. It is expressed in terms of the number of coulombs per second going past a given point on a wire. One coulomb/sec equals 1 ampere (symbol A), a unit of electric current named after a French physicist. I have explained how resistance occurs above, and volts are an expression of the amount of energy being carried by the electrons flowing through a circuit. The electrons are negatively charged, and move round the circuit (from the negative side to the positive side of the battery) as a result of attraction to the protons. Plan: I will carry out the experiment by first affixing the 100cm length of the chosen wire to a ruler, using sellotape. I will then set the power supply to approximately the right voltage, and then use the variable resistor to set the exact current (measured on the voltmeter). I have to use this method because the PSU itself is not accurate enough for our purposes. Once this preparation is complete, I will attach the first crocodile clip to one end of the ruler, and the second clip at the first distance, completing the circuit drawn below. The power supply will then be turned on long enough for the measurement to be taken, to prevent the wire heating up. Circuit diagram: Variables and Constants: o The length of the wire, obviously, will change to give a series of readings. o I will also vary the voltage used, to see if the same relationship exists at differing voltages. o The equipment used (see below for list) will all be kept the same, to ensure a fair experiment. o The temperature of the wire I will attempt to keep the same by turning off equipment when not in use. The wire will heat up (as a result of resistance), and so I will give it a chance to cool. Apparatus used: o Meter rule o 1M length of chosen wire, attached with sellotape to above rule. o Crocodile clips o Voltmeter and Ammeter o Standard power supply o Variable resistor o Connecting cables Safety Considerations: o The wire will heat up during the experiment, so care must be taken to ensure it does not burn. The current will only be left on for the minimum amount of time, to prevent dangerous heating. o Some wires available are very thin but strong, and can cut easily into flesh. o Trailing cables are a hazard, and I must make sure no cables drape onto the floor or similar.

Analysis and critique of Madeleine Leininger

Analysis and critique of Madeleine Leininger Introduction This paper is an analysis and critique of a published nursing philosophy and theory by the nurse theorist Madeleine Leininger. The analysis is based on Leiningers publications about her theory starting in the mid-1950s with her major contribution stemming from her second book, Transcultural Nursing: Concepts, Theories, Research, and Practice in 1978. The model used to analyze this theory is the Chinn and Kramer model. This model was developed by Peggy Chinn and Maenoa Kramer in 1983. The model utilizes a two-step process to evaluate theories called theory description and critical reflection. Theory description consists of purpose, concepts, definitions, relationships, structure, and assumptions. Critical reflection analyzes the purpose of the theory utilizing a series of questions. (McEwen Willis, 2010, p. 95) This model will be used to critique one of the oldest theories in nursing. Purpose Transcultural Nursing Theory discovers and explains the culturally based care factors that influence health, well-being, illness, and death of each individual or community. The purpose and goal of the transcultural nursing theory is to provide culturally congruent, safe, and meaningful care to clients of diverse or similar cultures. (Leininger, 2002, p. 190) Leininger has established a theory that studies cultures to understand their differences and similarities. Cultural competence is important within the nursing profession due to the differences in each individuals perception of illness and wellness. Congruency between culture and health care is essential to the well-being of each individual and community. An individuals health beliefs and practices are linked by his/her culture. The culture care theory focuses on cultural beliefs and practices when determining a plan of care. It continues with the belief that nurses need to consider that not all cultures are similar, and there are variations within each culture. Each individual or community should be treated differently from the rest and that personal uniqueness should always be considered. This belief stems from Leiningers personal belief in Gods creative and caring ways. (Leininger, 2002, p. 190) Concepts Definitions Transcultural theory uses the concepts of culture, race, and ethnicity to understand human behavior. When providing culturally competent care nurses should understand the meaning of these terms. Leininger also focuses on a few other concepts such as cultural competence, cultural awareness, and acculturation. Leiningers theory focuses on numerous concepts, but these were selected based on the importance of nurses integrating the most basic concepts of transcultural nursing into their well-established knowledge base. Culture influences all spheres of human life. It defines health, illness, and the search for relief from disease or distress. With increased mobilization of people across geographical and national borders, multicultural trends are emerging in many countries. (Ayonrinde, 2003, p. 233) Culture is defined as a set of beliefs, values, and assumptions about life that are widely held among a group of people and that are transmitted across generations. (Leininger McFarland, 2002 , p. 47) Burchum (2002) defines culture as a learned world viewà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦shared by a population or group and transmitted socially that influences values, beliefs, customs, and behaviors, and is reflected in the language, dress, food, materials, and social institutions of a group (Burchum, 2002, p. 7) All cultures are not alike, and all individuals within a culture are not alike. Each person should be viewed as a unique human being with differences that are respected. Individuals may be of the same race, but of different cultures. Race is defined as a social classification that relies on physical markers such as skin color to identify group membership. (Leininger McFarland, 2002, p. 75) Many nurses overlook cultural differences of individuals due to their similar racial characteristics. Race is considered one of the identifying characteristics of a culture, and this identifying characteristic represents an ethnicity. Ethnicity is defined as a cultural membership that is based on individuals sharing similar cultural patterns that, over time, create a common history that is resistant to change. (Leininger McFarland, 2002, p. 75) Cultural competence is an important factor in nursing. Culturally competent care is provided not only to individuals of racial or ethnic minority groups, but also to groups that vary by age, religion, socioeconomic status or sexual orientation. Cultural competence is defined as a combination of culturally congruent behaviors, practice attitudes, and policies that allow nurses to work effectively in cross cultural situations. (Leininger McFarland, 2002, p. 78) Religious and cultural knowledge is important in the healthcare profession. It is also important that health care professionals assess their own beliefs and ask themselves how those beliefs may affect the care given to clients. The awareness of your own beliefs is called, cultural awareness, and is defined as self-awareness of ones own cultural background, biases, and differences. (Burchum, 2002) Not only must nurses be aware of their own beliefs, but also must be willing to learn and understand an individuals beliefs. The proc ess of learning a new culture is acculturation. Adapting to a new culture requires changes in each nurses practices. Relationships Structure The relationship and structure between the concepts in the culture care theory is presented in Leiningers sunrise model. (Figure 1) This model is viewed as rising sun and should be utilized as an available tool for nurses to use when conducting cultural assessments. This model interconnects Leiningers concepts and forms a structure that is usable in practice. This model provides a systematic way to identify the beliefs, values, meanings, and behaviors of people. The dimensions of the model include technological, religious, philosophic, kinship, social, values and lifeway, political, legal, economic, and educational factors. These factors influence the environment and language, which affects the overall health of the individual. Individuals who may not feel understood may delay seeking care or may withhold key information. Environment and language affect the overall health system which consists of the folk and professional health system. The folk health system consists of the traditio nal beliefs, while the professional health system consists of our learned knowledge such as organized school and evidenced-based practice. The combination of these systems creates the nursing profession which allows us to meet the cultural, spiritual, and physical needs of each individual. These factors help nurses understand the client and recognize what is unique about the client. This model helps each nurse avoid stereotyping an individual into a culture based on the minimal factors of race or ethnicity. (Leininger, 2002, p. 191) The last dimension of the model helps nurses establish culturally congruent care through the utilization of three concepts: culture care preservation/maintenance, culture care accommodation/negotiation, or culture care repatterning/restructuring. Cultural preservation means that the nurse supports and facilitates cultural interventions. (Burchum, 2002) Cultural interventions may include the use of acupuncture or acupressure for relief before utilizing standard practices/interventions. Cultural accommodation requires the nurse to support and facilitate cultural practices, such as the burial of placentas, as long as these practices are found not to be harmful to individuals or the surrounding community. (Burchum, 2002) Cultural repatterning requires the nurse to work one-on-one with an individual or community to the help them restructure, change, or modify their cultural practice. (Burchum, 2002) Cultural repatterning should only be used when the practice is found to harmful to an indi vidual or community. All of these factors and concepts guide the nurse towards their ultimate goal of providing culturally competent care. These factors and goals allow the nurse to fulfill the individuals need of having holistic and comprehensive culturally based care. Assumptions There are a number of theoretical premises for the cultural care theory. Leininger (2002) highlighted five important assumptions. The first is Care is the essence of nursing and a distinct, dominant, central, and unifying focus. (Leininger, 2002, p. 192) Nurses provide care with sensitivity and compassion. Cultural care theory requires nurses to provide that same care, but based on the cultural uniqueness of each individual. The second is Culturally based care (caring) is essential for well-being health, growth, survival, and in facing handicaps or death. (Leininger, 2002, p. 192) Non-culturally competent care may increase the cost of health care and decrease the opportunity for positive health outcomes. The third is Culturally based care is the most comprehensive, holistic, and particularistic means to know, explain, interpret, and predict beneficial congruent care practices. (Leininger, 2002, p. 192) Culturally competent nursing care is designed for a specific client, reflects the individuals beliefs and values, and is provided with sensitivity. The fourth is Culturally based caring is essential to curing and healing, as there can be no curing without caring, although caring can occur without curing. (Leininger, 2002, p. 192) Therefore, there is an increased need to recognize the impact of culture on health care and to learn about the culture of the individuals to whom your provide care. The last assumption is Culture care concepts, meanings, expressions, patterns, processes, an d structural forms vary transculturally, with diversities (differences) and some universalities (commonalities). (Leininger, 2002, p. 192) Nurses should be aware of cultural beliefs, cultural behaviors, and cultural differences and should avoid the temptation of premature generalizations. Following these assumptions of the cultural care theory allows nurses to be less judgmental and more accepting of cultures which promote holistic care for all cultures. Critical Reflection Culture Care Theory has played a significant role in nursing practice. The theory is highlights numerous concepts in which Leininger clearly defines and consistently utilizes in numerous publishings. The concepts in Leiningers theory are the gold standard for transcultural nursing and are mentioned in the majority of literature regarding culturally based care. The theory is complex with a number of concepts and interrelationships. The complexity is important as it develops a meaningful and comprehensive view of cultural and holistic based care. Leiningers theory has a high level of generality due to its ability broad to be applied to all cultures, ethnicities, and races. The key to Leiningers theory is communication, and even crosses languages and establishes how to eliminate language barriers, through the use of interpreters. The theory consistently approaches culturally based care by requiring the nurse to use cultural knowledge as well as specific skills when deciding nursing inte rventions and practices. The theory continues to be consistent in requiring the same approach by requiring the nurse to perform a cultural assessment. The assessment provides an understanding of an individual health perception which guides culturally appropriate interventions. Culture care theory is widely accessible as it is the major and most significant contributor to transcultural nursing. (Ayonrinde, 2003) Cultural care theory played and will continue to play a significant role in nursing practice, research and education. Healthy People 2020 goal is to eliminate health disparities among different populations based upon numerous factors. Nurses are the key in moving forward with eliminating these disparities. Todays environment is multicultural and the emphasis on providing culturally competent care has increased. The Culture Care theory is well established and it has been the most significant breakthrough in nursing and the health fields in the 20th century and will be in great er demand in the 21st century. (Leininger, 2002, p. 190)

My Philosophy of Education Essay -- Teachers Teaching School Essays

My Philosophy of Education Do you know your ABC’s, 123's, or how to read? If so, give thanks to the teachers you have had and Horace Mann for establishing what we now know as elementary schools, where the preceding is learned. Without my teachers, this paper would not be possible and it is a known fact that good teachers are few and far between. I hope to be an exceptional teacher that will not only influence the lives of my students but also be one that is willing to learn from my students. Times have changed and so has education. Some teachers just do the requirements set forth to them half-heartedly now and only teach because they have to pay their bills, perhaps they do not want to go back to school to learn a new trade. I, on the other hand, cannot wait to have my own classroom and be in charge of cultivating their young minds because teaching can be one of the most rewarding careers that one can choose. My goal is to not only know the subject area I will be teaching but also have a firm gra sp on pedagogy to the utmost. It is mind boggling to know that I will be doing the same thing Plato, Socrates, and Aristotle once done, teach others. In order to educate my students, they must first know that I respect and care for them and will do anything in my power to help them achieve. This is the career that I am choosing and I am determined to do my very best. Children these days need positive role models and someone that cares for them because school may be the only place they receive either. If they know that I am willing to help them and that I love them as people as well as my students, then they are probably going to be more apt to learn. Managing their behavior with an assertive discipline will be my objec... ... it will not hold back the way I plan to teach the necessary requirements. Getting assignments done quickly and moving on is not the most important thing; getting them done while having fun and fully understanding the material, is. Also, I know that money is not the most important thing in life. Teachers I know, for the most part, live a good life. My family thought I should go into the medical field because â€Å"that’s where the money is† they would tell me. I would reply, â€Å"Yes, money is there, but my heart is not, it is in teaching.† I believe Theodore Roosevelt said it correct when he said, â€Å"Far and away the best prize that life offers is the chance to work hard at work worth doing.† I believe that teaching the young children of the world is definitely worth doing, because I know I will enjoy every minute and appreciate the fact that I am able to be a teacher.

Classroom Management :: Papers

Classroom Management I have observed my mentor using this style of classroom management. It is a method of behaviour management pioneered by Lee and Marlene Cantor. The goal of assertive discipline is to teach students to choose responsible behaviour and in so doing raise their self-esteem. This in turn should lead to an increase in their academic success. Having a good classroom environment in which to teach gives the pupil the best possible chance of learning effectively. A basic principle of assertive discipline is that pupils need to know your behavioural expectations. They must be given limits and the teacher must be consistent in his / her approach at all times. Pupils need positive recognition and support as well as discipline so that they are motivated to behave well. It is very easy to criticise a pupil for being badly behaved but most teachers fail to comment on good, appropriate behaviour. The teacher who uses assertive discipline effectively has a classroom plan, which she shares with pupils so that they are clear about the consequences of their actions. The teacher will have a list of classroom rules on display and will remind the pupils what they are at the start of the lesson. (Appendix 1) The rules in Mrs. Ward's class are: 1.Follow directions first time given. 2. Keep hands, feet and objects to yourself. 3. No swearing, teasing, name-calling or put-downs. 4. Do not interrupt when someone else is speaking. The consequences of choosing to ignore these rules are: First time a rule is broken: Warning Second time: Wait outside the classroom for 1 minute Third time: Wait outside the classroom for 2 minutes Fourth time: Phone call to parents Fifth time: Sent to head teacher The classroom discipline consists of three main parts: 1. Rules that pupils must follow at all times. 2. Positive recognition that pupils will receive for following the rules. 3. Classroom Management :: Papers Classroom Management I have observed my mentor using this style of classroom management. It is a method of behaviour management pioneered by Lee and Marlene Cantor. The goal of assertive discipline is to teach students to choose responsible behaviour and in so doing raise their self-esteem. This in turn should lead to an increase in their academic success. Having a good classroom environment in which to teach gives the pupil the best possible chance of learning effectively. A basic principle of assertive discipline is that pupils need to know your behavioural expectations. They must be given limits and the teacher must be consistent in his / her approach at all times. Pupils need positive recognition and support as well as discipline so that they are motivated to behave well. It is very easy to criticise a pupil for being badly behaved but most teachers fail to comment on good, appropriate behaviour. The teacher who uses assertive discipline effectively has a classroom plan, which she shares with pupils so that they are clear about the consequences of their actions. The teacher will have a list of classroom rules on display and will remind the pupils what they are at the start of the lesson. (Appendix 1) The rules in Mrs. Ward's class are: 1.Follow directions first time given. 2. Keep hands, feet and objects to yourself. 3. No swearing, teasing, name-calling or put-downs. 4. Do not interrupt when someone else is speaking. The consequences of choosing to ignore these rules are: First time a rule is broken: Warning Second time: Wait outside the classroom for 1 minute Third time: Wait outside the classroom for 2 minutes Fourth time: Phone call to parents Fifth time: Sent to head teacher The classroom discipline consists of three main parts: 1. Rules that pupils must follow at all times. 2. Positive recognition that pupils will receive for following the rules. 3.

What do you find particularly memorable in the language the poet uses in Caged Bird?

In the poem, Caged Bird, by Maya Angelou, the language has been employed effectively. She has defined her own structure, so as to find the sound, tempo and rhythm that are most suitable for this poem. The imagery, as well as the sounds, with which the poet uses to aid in the conveyance of her message and ideals, has been executed effectively. Furthermore, the use of contrast and comparison is central to the poem and is presented in a powerful, albeit straightforward manner. Angelou has chosen to shape the structure of a poem to benefit her own ideals, and has achieved this remarkably. This is apparent as, even though each line has a different number of beats, the first line only having four, the second, having six and the fourth having five, the poem in its entirety is still lyrical and musical, and this lyrical style ties in with the poem's image, that of a caged bird, which â€Å"sings with a fearful trill†¦Ã¢â‚¬  By opting not to constrain her poem through the use of rigid meters, rhythm and general structure, each stanza, or rather, each line contributes to the poem's overall idea. Whilst the structure is integral to the poem, so is the use of enjambment. In the first stanza, the structure is smooth and the words flow continuously. The poet has employed enjambment to help make the verse sound more free and boundless, in accordance with the image of a free bird, which â€Å"leaps on the back of the wind†. The structure of the stanzas do not inhibit the meaning of them, but instead, helps to develop them, and it is this skill with which Angelou writes that makes the poem as a whole, effective and memorable. Moreover, Angelou has employed imagery to her advantage in this poem. By using strong, connotative words, she has created a stronger image for the reader to imagine. Her use of effective and clear adjectives, as well as strong, effective metaphors, create a compelling picture which helps the reader to visualize the â€Å"dawn-bright lawn† and â€Å"sighing trees†, thereby enabling the reader to clearly understand the image. The metaphors allow the reader to comprehend the poet's vision, and this is used again when she writes â€Å"the caged bird stands on the grave of dreams† as well as the lines, â€Å"dips his wing in the orange sun's rays†. This use of strong adjectives and stronger metaphors help to clearly impress upon the reader the image which the poet has intended for us to envision. Additionally, Angelou has utilized sound to its greatest effect in each of the poem's stanzas. This has been done to help set the overall tone of the verse and the entire poem. The reader can see this in the first stanza, where Angelou has used softer, longer vowel and consonant sounds to help add to the soft, carefree atmosphere of the stanza. This can be seen with words like â€Å"free†, â€Å"leaps†, and â€Å"floats†. This is again seen in the fourth stanza, through the use of sounds that accentuate the softness of the ambience, which is apparent in the words, â€Å"breeze†, â€Å"soft†, and â€Å"sighing†. In contrast to this, harder, shorter vowel and consonant sounds help to illustrate the bleak, wretched atmosphere of the cage in stanzas two and five. These sounds are used in â€Å"stalks†, â€Å"clipped†, and â€Å"scream†. This use of sound throughout the poem helps the reader to understand the contrasting atmos pheres and the overall tone of the poem. Angelou has centred her poem on the contrast and comparison of the free bird and the caged bird. This contrast portrays the differences between the lives of these two birds. In the first stanza, the free bird â€Å"floats downstream† and â€Å"dips his wings in the orange sun's rays†. This helps the reader to understand the carefree nature of the free bird. In contrast, in the second stanza, the caged bird â€Å"stalks down his narrow cage† and his â€Å"wings are clipped and his feet are tied†. This contrast between the free bird and the caged bird is an effective method, which Angelou enlists, to convey her beliefs and to ensure that the reader can understand her intentions, as well as making the poem memorable and appealing. Angelou has effectively written her poem, and in the process has made it memorable. Her choice not to follow a standard structure has proven fulfilling, as her structure has successfully expressed her message. In addition, the imagery with which she portrays her visualization has helped to impress an image upon the reader, which is helped by the use of different sounds through the poem that enables the reader to fully grasp the mood of the stanzas. This, in turn, helps the contrast and comparisons in the poem to be made more prominent, which ultimately allows Angelou to successfully convey her message, that of the luxuries of freedom, and, in comparison, the bonds of an oppressive society.